Essay On Classification Of Avian Avulavirus Serotype-1

Classification of Avian Avulavirus serotype-1 The causative agent of ND, is now classified as a species Avian avulavirus serotype-1 (AAV-1). Recently, the 10th annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV, EC 48, Budapest, Hungary, August 2016), categorized the virus as a member of the genus Avulavirus of the paramyxoviridae family (Alexander, 1997) in the order of mononegavirales (Knipe and Hetsley, 2001; Mayo, 2002; Murphy et al., 1995; Afonso et al., 2016). The order mononegavirales has undergone several changes in 2017 ICTV report. It’s comprised of eight families hosting viruses with non-segmented, linear, single-stranded and negative-sense RNA. The designated Paramyxoviridae family is now where the causative agent of†¦show more content†¦Several antigenic and genetic diversity are recognized (Aldous et al., 2003; Alexander, 1997; Kim et al., 2007) using molecular-based techniques for analyzing the genome sizes (Knipe and Hetsley, 2001). The classification schemes adopted for Avian Avulavirus-1, is based on the sequences and phylogenetic analysis of HN, L, M and F genes and these have been advanced to group isolates (Aldous et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2011; Miller et al., 2010; Pedersen, 2010). Depending on the researcher’s preference, nominal differences arise in the grouping of isolates. Using genotypes or genetic lineages proposed by Aldous et al., Avian Avulavirus-1 is placed in serotype-1 with six lineages and 13 sublineages (AVV-1) (Aldous et al., 2003), to which three other sublineages were added (Snoeck, et al 2009). Most ND vaccines are grouped under Class II, genotype I and II while genotype III - X are velogenic that might be used as challenge viruses in vaccination experiments. Using the genome size scheme, Avian Avulavirus-1 is placed into six lineages (1 to 6) (Alexander and Senne, 2008). Detailed analysis reveals sub-lineages in lineage 3 and 4 (a to d) and in lineage 5 (a to e). On the other hand, using genomic characterization and restriction site mapping of HN, F and L

Obtaining Mental Health Services Free Essays

Being a probation officer is not easy.   It requires a lot of knowledge, skills, and experience to be an effective probation officer.   Having a golden heart is fine – believing that these offenders can change their lifestyle, supporting them in their intention to function in the community, and making sure that the people within the community where these offenders are staying would be safe from any danger. We will write a custom essay sample on Obtaining Mental Health Services or any similar topic only for you Order Now    However, objectivity should always come first since many lives are dependent on the probation officer’s ability to supervise and monitor these offenders’ performance. A probation officer also uses his resources in the community to assist his client, the offender in seeking employment or services such as medical care, alcohol treatment, mental health treatment, and the like.   The probation officer explains all the terms to the offender’s temporary release and the consequences for violating them under probation.   Everything is made clear. In the case of this 22-year-old man who have been convicted four times in two years straight for driving while under the influence of alcohol, thorough investigation should be done.   This man may be telling his substance abuse counselor that he is clean.   He may be present in all his counseling appointments.   Nevertheless, these claims do not prove that he has stopped alcohol consumption.   Furthermore, having eccentric ideas and opinions – this man telling you that his neighbors are monitoring his breathing through the television – proves that there is something terribly wrong about this person.   So, what do I plan to do about the matter? First, researching and investigating about this man’s personal history , such as his family to start with, would be a good start.   Knowledge about his childhood, his relationship with his co-family members, and his plight during his growing-up years are vital information in knowing how and why he acquired such behavior, vices, and even beliefs that he still carry on up to this day. A background check of his life three to five years prior the present date could also come in handy.   Past relationships usually contribute to a person’s perspective and sanity.   Another background check would be his scholastic and interpersonal performance in school given that he went into one.   Based from his interaction with these people, I might find clues to some grounds as to why and how this person came to be the way he is. Second, talking with this man would give me hints and clues about the way he thinks, the way he answers questions – may it be rational, practical or not, and the way he views the world.   Upon acquiring his personal background, a brief interview about his family and previous relations with others would somehow prove if this man is reliable or not.   This would be necessary because inconsistencies on his statements would prove irregularity of his character, therefore making him a threat, somehow, to the community. Third, I would discuss with his substance abuse counselor all my findings so we could come up with proper procedures needed to prove his mental capability or incapability.   I would suggest that the substance abuse officer gives my client some intellectual tests because my client is showing signs of a paranoid schizophrenic or of a person just having paranoid reactions that may be due to depression or trauma Fourth, I would require my client to undergo not only the psychological tests that his substance abuse counselor would give him but also a series of physical exams for instance urinalysis, blood tests, and the like to see if he really is clean or if he went back to alcohol or worse took other substances and mixed it with alcohol altering the effects of the alcohol-intake alone. Fifth, I would reiterate to my client the sanctions that he might be subjected to if his tests prove that he is positive of alcohol and/or substance intake.   Such are necessary actions for me to accurately and objectively assess him and propose certain measures. References Civil Service Associations, Inc. (August 2000). Examination Preparation Booklet.. Principles and Practices in the Treatment of the mentally Ill/Emotionally Disturbed, Problems of the Mentally Ill/Emotionally disturbed, booklet #10. pp. 4-5. Retrieved October 10, 2007, from http://www.csea9200.com/pdfs/TestPrepBks/TreatMIllBook10.pdf Court and Community.   (January 2003). Probation Officers. p2, numbers 4 – 6 . Retrieved October 10, 2007, from How to cite Obtaining Mental Health Services, Essay examples

Human Dignity in Health-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignement

Question: Write an Op-Ed (Opinion-Editorial) piece that allows you to demonstrate an understanding of how issues relating to the dignity of the human person and the realization of the common good may be addressed by you in your professional practice now and in the future. Answer: Human Dignity in Human and Health Services: An Op-Ed Two years ago in a hospital in Madison, Alabama, Dr. Ronald Wyatt faced an uncomfortable situation. As he was about to attend a patient for treatment, a couple walked in to his room and closed the door. According to them, their daughter was a patient in the hospital two years ago, who could not survive even after treatment. The woman showed the doctor the picture of her daughter to the doctor and asked for answers. Searching the database, Dr. Wyatt found that the girl was really a patient and he explained to the couple that he and his team worked very hard to save her. After some time, the couple left peacefully. However, in a later interview, Dr. Wyatt raised an issue that although this couple left peacefully, the situation could entirely been different if the couple suddenly turned hostile and even shoot him. Moreover, he also said that he could not have saved himself if such a situation occurred. Dr. Wyatts interview raised a lot of eyebrows and concerns grew regarding protection of human dignity in human and health services. From this incident above, we can naturally ask ourselves where are we heading in healthcare services? It is evident from various incidents around the world that more and more doctors in hospitals are under constant threats of violence from the patients families if the patients do not survive even after treatment. The question which also arises in this regard is why are the doctors under these constant threats (Cheraghi, Manookian Nasrabadi, 2014). Even a few years ago, doctors were treated like Gods and people relied on them in any health issues. In order to find the root causes behind these, we need to look into other related factors that are also influencing peoples opinions regarding the healthcare services. First of all, one cause for this hostile behavior can be the rapid growth of private hospitals that care more about business rather than healthcare. Although these private hospitals have modern facilities and reputed doctors, the patients have to go through a long process for admission like registration, form fill up, partial payment, booking of room and others. In many emergency cases, this long process has cost the lives of the patients (Edlund et al., 2013). From the ethical point of view, healthcare is the basic human right and denying it unless the entire admission process is completed strips of the right as well as the dignity of the patients. Hence, it is very much logical for patients families to show their anger on the hospitals. Second reason can be the increase in extreme emotional outbursts of people that are caused by various factors (which are out of scope of this op-ed). It has been seen that because of the different causes, more and more people are showing strong emotional outbursts at slightest of reasons and death of a certain patient during treatment is a major incident (Sharkey, 2014). Whenever such an incident occurs, the patients families turn hostile and start showing anger and protests against the doctors and the nurses of the hospital. There have been numerous incident reports where the doctors and nurses were severely beaten and injured by the protests. According to my opinion, this should never happen. The patients families should understand that no doctor is practical sense will not try to save a patient or deliberately ill-treat so that the patient dies (Matiti, 2015). It is the lack of proper administration in the hospital that results in these incidents. In addition, in some cases, by the time the patient reaches the hospital, the doctors have nothing to do to save him / her. I also think that the governments should take active actions in order to address these issues. These incidents violate human dignity and ethics for both the patients and the doctors whereas the hospital as a middleman earns the money from the admission payments (Manookian, Cheraghi Nasrabadi, 2014). Before allowing license to private hospitals, the government should enforce certain sets of guidelines that should include immediate admission and treatment of patient without conducting such long admission processes. This will at least reduce the incidents of death of patient due to lack of treatment or mob attacks on the doctors due to death of a patient. References Cheraghi, M. A., Manookian, A., Nasrabadi, A. N. (2014). Human dignity in religion-embedded cross-cultural nursing.Nursing ethics,21(8), 916-928. Edlund, M., Lindwall, L., Post, I. V., Lindstrm, U. . (2013). Concept determination of human dignity.Nursing ethics,20(8), 851-860. Guo, Q., Jacelon, C. S. (2014). An integrative review of dignity in end-of-life care.Palliative Medicine,28(7), 931-940. Manookian, A., Cheraghi, M. A., Nasrabadi, A. N. (2014). Factors influencing patients dignity: A qualitative study.Nursing ethics,21(3), 323-334. Matiti, M. R. (2015). Learning to promote patient dignity: An inter-professional approach.Nurse education in practice,15(2), 108-110. Sharkey, A. (2014). Robots and human dignity: a consideration of the effects of robot care on the dignity of older people.Ethics and Information Technology,16(1), 63-75.